Smoking In England Health And Social Care Essay

Smoking In England Health And Social Care Essay Smoking is one of the major causes of preventable and premature death in the England. Smoking is a main contributory factor to the gap in mortality and healthy life expectancy between the most and least advantaged. There has been action on this public health issue by the government to protect the children and old age people. Government effort to tackle the problem of smoking gives multiple results in health promotion in society like reducing the cancer deaths, reducing asthma, reducing coronary heart diseases etc. Government took a major step towards the issue smoking by publishing White paper. Smoking is also one of the primary causes of health equality in England. In this paper, the problem of smoking is addressed by discussing about public health and health promotion models approach towards smoking, epidemiology of smoking in England, international policies and strategies to control smoking, national and local policies and strategies implemented to reduce the prevalence of smoking in England and reviewing them and concluding with some suggestions and recommendations. Smoking was not a major public health problem in 19th century. Tobacco was introduced from North America in Europe at the end fifteenth century. In beginning, tobacco was used for the medicinal purposes, later it was burnt in pipes for the pleasure purpose in England, then in Europe which later spread in whole world (Doll, 1998). The introduction of mechanical cigarette rolling machine brought the transformation and then cigarette became the cheapest and convenient way of tobacco use. In first half of 20th century cigarettes were promoted through advertisements, public relation and sponsorships. Smoking was not considered a public health issue due to insufficient evidence to prove relation of smoking to lung cancer, coronary heart disease etc. Later in research studies prove that smoking causes lung cancer (Doll and Hill, 1950). Globally 5.4 million people die each year from tobacco epidemic. The death toll is rising persistently and in two decades will reach 8 million a year. In the WHO European Region smoking prevalence is estimated at around 28.6% with a large gender difference males account for 40% and females 18.2%. The difference between the proportions of men and women smoking has gradually reduced, although it has not disappeared completely. In 1982, 38 per cent of men and 33 per cent of women were smokers, compared with 27 per cent of men and 25 per cent of women in 2002(Office for National Statistics, 2004). Among young people aged 15 years, the prevalence of weekly smoking is on average 24%. About 8.5 million people still smoke in England today, and over 80,000 deaths a year are due to smoking in England alone. According to the Tobacco control database, years lost from death by smoking range from 12 20 years, and up to 21% of deaths are attributed to smoking. According to Office of National Stat istics (March, 2009) smoking fell to its lowest recorded level in 2007 i.e. 21 per cent of the population aged 16 and over which were 22 percent in 2006, 28 percent in 1998 and 39 percent in 1980. It has been found that smoking is prevalent in the working age groups. Those aged 20 to 24 and 25 to 34 reported the highest prevalence of cigarette smoking (32% and 26% respectively) while those aged 60 and over reported the lowest (12%). Current smokers smoked an average of 13.1 cigarettes a day. Prevalence of smoking amongst people in the routine and manual socio-economic group continues to be greater than amongst those in the managerial and professional group (26% and 15% respectively). Almost two thirds (65%) of current and ex-smokers who had smoked regularly at some point in their lives started smoking before they were 18. Smoking is more prevalent in the ethnic minority groups. There has been huge difference between the ethnic groups in England. Bangladeshi (44percent), White Irish (39 percent), Black Caribbean (35 percent) men were the highest smokers where as Pakistani (25 percent) and Indian (23percent) men were smoking comparable to the general population and Chinese men smoked the least of 17 percent. Similar to men, White Irish and Black Caribbean women had the highest smoking rates (33 per cent and 25 per cent respectively), although only White Irish women had a rate higher than the general population (27 per cent). But unlike men, women in every other minority ethnic group were much less likely to smoke than women in the general population (Health Survey for England, 1999). Smoking prevalence is a key indicator not just for smoking-related diseases but also for health inequalities. Smoking behaviour is strongly related to a persons socio-economic class. Death rates from tobacco are two to three times higher among disadvantaged social groups. Smoking is significant contributor to the gap in health and life expectancy between the richest and the poorest. Smoking exhibits a strong social gradient and is the major cause of health inequalities in the United Kingdom accounting for two thirds of the difference in risk of premature death between social classes. Reducing the prevalence of smoking increases the life expectancy and also reduces the chances of various acute and chronic diseases. Smoking is responsible for various forms of cancers, coronary heart diseases and respiratory diseases like emphysema and bronchitis. It also increases the chances of tuberculosis infection. Reducing the smoking rate has a strong positive impact on local economy. People from lower socio-economic classes are more likely to smoke than those from higher classes. For example, Bangladeshi men were over represented in the lowest socio-economic class (semi-routine or routine occupations), and these men also had the highest rates of smoking. Smoking is prevalent almost equally in both the sex in the high income group but in low income groups or manual working class the number of female smokers is considerably less (Health Survey for England, 1999). Smoking in pregnancy increases infant mortality by approximately 40%, and smoking prevalence is 1.5 times higher in routine and manual pregnant women than the population as a whole. Second hand smoke is responsible for the sudden infant death syndrome and also contributes to asthma or bronchitis in children. People in poorer social groups who smoke, start smoking at an earlier age: of those in managerial and professional households, 31% started smoking before they were 16, compared with 45% of those in rou tine and manual households. The issue of smoking can be approached from all the models of health promotion. From medical model point of view the aim is to identify those at risk from disease. It can be done by screening the individual for the risk assessment e.g. measurement Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV). Behavioural change approach is aimed mainly to encourage individuals to take responsibility for their own health and choose healthier lifestyle. This can be done by individual advice and information about the impact of smoking on their family members .Educational model approach aims to increase the knowledge about healthy lifestyle which can be done by educating about the hazards of smoking and informing them about various methods to quit smoking e.g. Nicotine replacement Therapy (NRT) etc. Social model approach from aspect of health promotion is very important for dealing with smoking. It aims to address the inequalities in health based on class, race, gender, geography. This can be done by development of pu blic health legislation like smoke free workplace, smoke free public places etc (Naidoo and Wills, 2009, p.67-77). Smoking kills one-in-two of all lifelong users. At current rate of mortality and morbidity due to smoking approximately 10 million people will die out of which around 70% people will be from developing countries. World Health Organisation developed a first health treaty known as Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) and adopted in May 2003 to control tobacco supply and consumption. At the World Health Assembly in May 2003 the Member States of the World Health Organization (WHO) including United Kingdom agreed on this public health treaty. The text of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) covers tobacco taxation, smoking prevention and treatment, illicit trade, advertising, sponsorship and promotion, and product regulation. The treaty requires signatory parties to implement comprehensive tobacco control programmes and strategies at the national, regional and local levels. The preamble of treaty mentions the need to protect public health, the unique nature of tobacco products and the harm that companies that produce them cause. The key measures included in the tobacco control strategy for England are reducing exposure to children from second-hand smoke through targeted campaigns highlighting the benefits of smoke-free homes and cars; to strengthen the NHS Stop Smoking Services and providing new routes to quitting for smokers unable to stop abruptly; to increase the investment to drive down tobacco smuggling; to sustain spending on marketing campaigns to encourage smokers to quit; to implement the retail display ban and ban on sale of tobacco from vending machines (Health Act, 2009).The key elements included in text of FCTC and in tobacco control policy of United Kingdom were very similar. These key elements have been discussed together from the international and national aspects. Advertising is considered as the main reason for promotion of smoking. At international level, World Health Organisation tells the signatory countries to move towards a comprehensive ban within five years of the FCTC convention entering into force. It also contains provisions for countries that cannot implement a complete ban by requiring them to restrict tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship within the limits of their laws. It also requires the countries to look at the possibility of a protocol to provide a greater level of detail on cross-border advertising which can include the technical aspects of preventing or blocking advertising in areas such as satellite television and the internet. At national level, tobacco advertising is banned by law throughout the United Kingdom. The Tobacco Advertising and Promotion Act 2002 prohibit tobacco advertising on billboards, in print media, by direct mail and through sponsorship. The act has set of four regulations which ban advertisi ng at point of sale, brand sharing, sponsorship, specialist tobacconist. A health warning equivalent to one third of the surface area of the advertisement must be included at counters. Taxation and price rise of the tobacco product is one of the way which helps in reducing the prevalence of smoking among young people by increasing the cost of tobacco products. High tobacco tax, which is  recommended by the World Bank,  is recognised as a good health and economic policy. Increasing taxes on  tobacco encourages people to give up smoking and raises revenue for the government  thus reducing the need for taxes on jobs and investment. At international level, the FCTC guidelines tells that countries should consider public health objectives when implementing tax and price policies on tobacco products. At national level, the British government announced that it planned to increase tobacco tax by at least 5% a year in real terms (White Paper, 1998). This policy was dropped in 2001 and since then annual increase is around inflation rates which comes around 2.5% a year. Tobacco smuggling is an international problem requiring a global response. It has been estimated that about one-third of all internationally traded cigarettes are smuggled (350 billion cigarettes per year), causing billions of pounds of lost government revenue (over  £2 billion in the UK alone).Under the Article 15 of Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (May, 2003) agreed governments were required to monitor and collect data on cross border trade in tobacco products including illicit trade, to enact or strengthen legislation against illicit trade in tobacco, to destroy counterfeit and contraband tobacco, to adopt and implement measures to monitor and control the distribution of tobacco products and to adopt measures to enable the confiscation of proceeds derived from smuggling. The British Government launched a  £200 million initiative to tackle tobacco smuggling which resulted in declining the illicit market share from a peak of 21% in 2000-1 to 15% by 2003-4. In the 2006 Bu dget, the Treasury announced plans to extend the campaign which included a target to reduce the size of the UK illicit tobacco market by 1,200 tonnes by 2007/08. In the 2008 Budget, the Chancellor announced that the recently created Borders Agency would take responsibility for developing a new comprehensive strategy to tackle tobacco smuggling. Labelling of the cigarette and tobacco packet showing health warning alerts the customer about the potential health hazards of the product. According to FCTC guidelines, at least 30 percent of the display area on tobacco product packaging should display clear health warnings. These warnings can be in form of text, pictures or both. Labelling language should not be misleading and should not give false impression that the product is less harmful than others. Similar policy was implemented in United Kingdom by Tobacco Products Regulations (2002). In the UK, picture warnings on cigarette packs were introduced from October 2008. Pictorial warnings on other tobacco products will be required by October 2010. The Tobacco Products Directive also places maximum levels on the amount of tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide permitted in cigarettes and requires tobacco companies to disclose tobacco ingredients to national governments. Financing of the national tobacco control programmes by the governments is a major step towards smoking and health promotion among the people, educating the illiterate people about the hazards of tobacco. According to World Health Organisation Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (2003), signatory countries are required to provide financial support to their national tobacco control programmes. The elements of the treaty reflect WHO and World Bank policies on a comprehensive plan to reduce global tobacco consumption. The text of the treaty requires the countries to promote treatment programmes to help people stop smoking and education to prevent people from starting, to prohibit sales of tobacco products to minors, and to limit public exposure to second-hand smoke. In England, tobacco control activity is led by the Department of Health. The Department has six strands strategy to reduce smoking rates. This strategy is focused on: supporting smokers to quit; reducing exposure to second-hand smoke; running effective communications and education campaigns; reducing tobacco advertising, marketing and promotion; effectively regulating tobacco products; reducing the availability and supply of tobacco products. The outcome of this six strand strategy is that the prevalence of smoking is reducing in general population but the rate is slower in the routine and manual group and smoking is major contributor of health inequality in England. In 2008, Department of Health issued a consultation, a step towards a new national tobacco control strategy. It covers four main areas for controlling smoking. They are: Reducing the smoking rates and health inequalities caused by smoking. Smoking prevalence is an indicator for health inequalities. Government policy is dedicated to tackle health inequality under a Public Service Agreement (PSA) to ensure that the gap in health inequalities in rich and poor should not widen. National Support Teams are made to support the local delivery of the Public Sector Agreement, working with local authorities like primary care trust. Local Strategic Partnerships need to be encouraged to adopt smoking prevalence as one of the targets in their Local Area Agreements. Local Strategic Partnerships should ensure that work is undertaken with their local public health agencies and government office for calculating smoking prevalence in their area and for determining the appropriate targets. Public Health professionals also need to work with their Local Strategic Partnership to help develop Local Area Agreement action plans. Targeting the Routine and Manual helps in targe ting the largest group of smokers responsible for smoking related health inequality (Department of Health, 2009). Protection of children and young people from smoking by reducing the affordability, reducing the availability to the children, reducing the attractiveness of the tobacco products and increasing awareness about harms of tobacco products. There is rise in the price of cigarettes and tobacco products each year by government which makes cigarette less affordable for young people. Government made strict laws for sale of cigarettes by vending machines and also by increasing the minimum age to 18 years for purchase of tobacco product. The advertising of the tobacco products is banned and tobacco products will be removed from display in 2011 from large retailers and completely removed by 2013. The government will continue to give advice on harms of smoking and tobacco through voluntary National Healthy Schools Programme. Motivating and assisting smokers to quit smoking. Smoking cessation has been a key component of the governments tobacco control policy. This includes NHS stop smoking services or primary care or using over the counter medication. The NHS Stop Smoking Services were launched in 1999-2000 in the Health Action Zones (HAZ) which are the areas of high deprivation. The services were rolled out to the rest of England in 2000/01. The Specialist stop smoking services providing behavioural support and pharmacotherapy have been established as standard NHS services throughout the United Kingdom. Most forms of Nicotine Replacement Therapies are also available on general sale. The importance of helping smokers to quit smoking is stressed in priorities guidance to the NHS and health professionals. Targets have been set for smoking cessation treatment and also for prevalence reductions in each Primary Care Trust. Expenditure on smoking cessation services has steadily increased since their creation in 2000, rising from  £21.5 million to  £74 million in 2008-09. The cost per quitter in 2008/09 was  £219. The cost including hospital admissions, GP consultations and prescriptions, the treatment of disease caused by smoking is approximately  £1.7 billion per year. The net ingredient cost of all pharmacological therapies to help people stop smoking was  £61 million in 2007/08. This compares to  £45m in 2006/07. The government encourages people to quit smoking through its mass media campaigns like Get Unhooked campaign. The funding of advertising campaigns in form of banners is supported by the government on large scale. Government funds various researches to give evidence on smoking cessation services, and to monitor and evaluate the above initiatives including options to reduce under-age sales, introduce ID cards for children, tougher penalties for retailers who sell to children, and a new code on the location of cigarette vending machines. Reviewing the tobacco control policy in United Kingdom various policy gaps were identified and recommendations are suggested for the service gaps. Firstly, advertising policy of the tobacco products. Currently advertising at the point of sale is still permitted which is equivalent in size to one A5 sized advertisement and the health warning should be covering the one third area of the display or advertising. According to Health Act (2009) the tobacco products should be removed from the display in shops. But government will implement this law in 2011 for large retailers and 2013 for small retailers. It is recommended that government should implement the law about the advertising immediately so as to reduce the promotion and marketing of tobacco products which discourages the interest of the young age people. Government is encouraging and funding various media campaigns like banner promotions, television and newspaper advertising campaigns to promote smoking cessation services and anti smoking campaigns. Government need to develop local campaigns which should target the ethnic groups by translating the banners in their language. The campaigns should involve the cultural or community leaders, celebrities etc so that the campaigns attract more public. The age limit for buying a tobacco product has increased from 16 years to 18 years so that the cigarette and tobacco products are not easily available to young people. Government should licence all the tobacco retailers so as to improve the enforcement of the minimum age limit. Prohibit the sale of tobacco from vending machines. Ensure all pregnant women are offered support from specialist stop smoking services as part of routine antenatal care. Train midwives to provide appropriate stop smoking advice and referrals to all pregnant smokers. Develop and evaluate new services and incentives to support the efforts of pregnant smokers to quit. Promote smoke free homes and cars through national and local campaigns. Routine and Manual smokers should be approached through an integrated framework model to reduce smoking prevalence. All the Primary Care Trust service providers at the local stop smoking service should be trained and capable to deliver high quality services. The insights of the routine and manual smokers should be shared by health commissioner for development of future agreements. The service provider should try to gather and share tobacco related intelligence e.g. cheap and illicit tobacco. The local authorities should try coordinating and monitoring the local tobacco control alliance. Government has encouraged various initiatives to reduce the prevalence of smoking in England. There has been support from the World Health Organisation and World Bank to promote anti tobacco campaigns. The new strategies and policies are needed to focus on the routine and manual worker groups which will help in reducing the smoking prevalance. The policies should be implemented properly at the local level. England has achieved the targets to reduce the smoking in public. But still there is a need for every individual smoker and non smoker to take an initiative to eradicate the unhealthiest lifestyle from their lives.

One Flew Over The Cuckoos Nest Essay -- essays research papers

Jeff Saccone 12/16 Per. 4 Cuckoo The value of experience plays a major role in the poem The Waking by, Roethke and One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest by, Kesey. Both portray a similar message, which seems to suggest that in life you must learn to live by gaining different experiences, which contribute to making you the person that you are. The quote â€Å"I learn by going where I go† from The Waking would be the same philosophy that Mc Murphy used in One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest to teach the ward members how to live on their own and gain a sense of individuality. You can not shy away from things or go through life doing the same things over and over again or you become a machine incapable of making your own decisions. In The Waking the author tells of how you must ask questions about things you don’t know and you must learn things by actually venturing into the unknown to gain new knowledge. In One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest, Mc Murphy tries to make the patients believe in themselves and not have to go by the strict rules of the nurse. By allowing them to learn to help themselves he in a sense opens each inmate to a new world in which they can succeed and therefore they do not need to be sheltered from society. He tries to let them gain new experiences and even if they are not successful ones they still learn something and gain confidence and individuality. In The Waking the poem can be compared to an a patient in One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest before Mc Murphy got a chance t...

Population…A Problem That Most of the World Simply Disregards Essay

Population†¦A Problem That Most of the World Simply Disregards There are over Six Billion people inhabiting the planet earth today and that number is growing. â€Å"In the six seconds it takes you to read this sentence, eighteen more people will be added† (Ehrlich 9). The total population of the World, projected on October 23, 2001 at 6:28:09 pm GMT was 6,181,600,089 people (U.S. Bureau of the Census). Each hour there are 11,000 more mouths to feed; each year more than 95 million. Nevertheless, the world has hundreds of billions fewer tons of topsoil and hundreds of trillions fewer gallons of groundwater with which to grow food crops than it had in 1968. Millions of people every year are dying because they are not getting enough food. You see the advertisements, and television programs showing the starving children in Africa and other developing nations: their pleading eyes with helplessness. National Geographic shows the images of tropical forests on fire, beaches strewn with garbage and sewage, and refugee camps filled with hungry people unable to produce enough food because there aren’t enough resources to support the world’s growing number of people. These problem do not only exist in far away countries†¦drive in any large city, you will be overwhelmed with the number of drivers filling the freeways, grid locked any time of day. Visit downtown and see the hundreds of homeless people on street corners, and lined up around the block in front of the shelters for a warm meal. Our news is filled with the nation’s crime, violence, and drug abuse. Global warming is old news, but it is killing us, our ocean level is rising, and our crops are going dry. We are cautioned about the AIDS epidemic because it is everywhere,... ...t needs to understand the problem at hand, and recognize its far-reaching consequences. Works Cited Bouvier, Leon. â€Å"The Census Bureau’s 1989 Projections of Future U.S. Population: Which Scenario Is Reasonable?† CIS Backgrounder. October 1989: 59-65. Breland, H. â€Å"Family Configuration and Intellectual Development.† Journal of individual Psychology. vol. 31, pp.86-96, 1977. Ehrlich, Paul R., and Anne H. Ehrlich. The Population Explosion. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990. Menk, Thomas. â€Å"Eco-Refugees Warning.† New Scientist, 10 June 1999: 33-35. Running, Stephen F. â€Å"What If the Supreme Court Changed Its Mind?† Stanford Lawyer. Fall 1988: 15-29. Swerdlow, Joel L. â€Å"Changing America.† National Geographic. Sept. 2001: 42-61. U.S. Bureau of the Census. World POP Clock Projection. 23 October 2001 .

Teaching Morals and Character at State University :: Teaching Education Essays

Teaching Morals and Character at State University Introduction Several weeks ago, there was a slight uproar on State U.’s campus when a threatening homophobic message was found scrawled on a student’s personal belongings. The controversy revolved around the intentions of this message and, once it was discovered who had written the message, how that individual should be punished. Most of the dialogue on campus, both amongst the administration and the student body, focused on the individual’s motives, the individual’s actions, and the individual’s punishment. Yet, I argue that such actions can not simply be attributed to the character of the individual, but also reflect the character of the institution. A somewhat humorous, yet appalling parallel can be drawn between this situation and one presented by constructionist Rheta DeVries during her discussion of teaching morality in a classroom of three-year-olds where a teacher found urine on the floor of the bathroom for several consecutive days. DeVries wrote, "[The teacher] did not know who was responsible, but suspected that more than one child was involved. She figured that they were not being malicious but thought it was funny" (2). In this same manner, the State U. individual who wrote a threatening, homophobic message probably did not do so out of sheer hate, or with harmful intentions. Nevertheless, the message offended the State U. community in the same way that the urine on the bathroom floor interrupted the three-year-olds’ classroom. In both situations, we must ask ourselves: what encouraged such actions? Why did the three-year-olds think it was okay to urinate on the floor? Why does a State U. student think it is per missible to write such a negative message? Neither the children nor the college student would have committed such acts had they believed that it would not have been accepted — if not by everyone, at least by the majority. This State U. student faced a semester of suspension for his actions, but was permitted to return to school the following year. However, short-lived suspension is not the only necessary action. By temporarily ridding the institution of this individual, State U. alleviated the symptoms of immorality but avoided directly treating the problem at hand: State U.’s moral atmosphere. Such a negative action, even if committed merely by one student, is a summons to the institution to re-examine its ethical environment in order to prevent inconsiderate actions before they occur, not treat them after the fact.

Marketing Plan of Mother Energy Drink Essay

Mother is an energy drink marketed to Australians and New Zealanders by Coca-Cola. Mother was introduced in late 2006 to compete with the two leading energy drinks on the market, V and Red Bull, which then dominated the $151 million industry and accounted for 94% of sales. Mother remained unaltered on the market for 18 months. Reports emerged in mid-2008 that Coca-Cola had undertaken extensive market research to re-evaluate Mother after it failed to equal or exceed the popularity of V or Red Bull due to most consumers reporting the original formulation to be distasteful. Coca-Cola altered the formulation with respect to taste and addressed consumer dissatisfaction in regards to the ungenerous standard 250 mL can by doubling the size to 500 mL without effect on cost, thus exceeding V and Red Bull which remained 250 ml. Mission statement The mission of Coca-Cola Company is very simple and clear which is to provide products and services that meet the beverage and business needs of customers and consumers. In doing so, they will provide sound and rewarding business opportunities and benefits for customers, suppliers, distributors and communities. Vision statement In the short-term, Coca-Cola will provide the highest quality to their consumers and business partnerships and value the work satisfaction and lifestyle of each associate. In the long-term, Coca-Cola will meet shareholder needs by achieving sustainable growth, and moreover, they want to strengthen relationships with the community and their responsibility to the environment Goals In term of products, Coca-Cola Company is trying to innovate with natural sweeteners, which have the potential to lower calories per serving, and they will also continue developing products fortified with additional nutrients to meet global consumer needs. Marketing overview Market category The launch of Mother Green Storm will be accompanied by an integrated marketing communications campaign, including sampling and social media. Mother Green Storm will be available in three pack sizes: 250mL, 500mL and 4 x 250mL. The new flavor will be available at supermarkets, grocery stores, corner stores and petrol stations Australia-wide. Market size The size of energy drinks market: According to this Statistics, energy drinks only hold 1% of shares in the drinks market. Market potential Mother energy drink will reach 20 percent market share of the total energy marketing share. Marketing structure Because there are lot of energy drink in the marketing such as red bull, monster, rock star, and amp and so on so this marketing is competitive. Trend 1. 1. Economic With the development of worldwide economy, more young people can afford to drink energy. More and more care about their heather, so they will pay more money for their drinking. 5. 2 Technology Energy drink is not like normal drink, it have many trace elements to replenish people which they loss. That need high technology to make it, the higher technology the better effect. Competitor analysis. As a famous energy drink company, Mother is a drink company marketed to Australia and New Zealand by Coca-Cola. Mother has several considerable competitors. The competitors could be classified as direct and indirect competitor. The direct competitor is like the monster, red bull, rock star and amp. The indirect competitors are like some vitamin water, sports water and coffee, which are has the similar effect as energy drink. For comparison, red bull is considered to be the most competitive energy drink. It is one of the most popular energy drink brand in the world and it is effective work. The other competitor is amp energy, which is belongs to Pepsi company. Strengths and weaknesses The form below is the Strengths and Weaknesses analysis on Mother’s significant competitors. | Red Bull Energy drink| AMP Energy drink| Strengths| 1. Many famous cooperative partner. 2. the ingredient is healthy reasonable 3. Long history. Selling well all over the world. 4. Effective work in anti-fatigue| 1. Owned by PepsiCo, has grantee of quality. 2. Many kinds of sort, multiple selection 3. good taste 4. cheaper than | Weaknesses| 1. side effect if drink too much 2. expensive 3. crisis of confidence 4. Not suit for teenager. | 1. High caffeine than most energy drink. No convenient transportation around. 2. intestines and stomach belly will disorder if drink too much 3. The durability is shorter than others| Performance The performance could be classified as the function and the quality. Mother is an energy drink marked to Australia and New Zealand. As for the function, the effect of this drink is let people feel energetic, has the energy to sports. Mother energy has the feature of durability. The quality of mother energy is also could be trustworthy. Mother is the one of the most popular local energy drink in Australia for many years. Positioning To position the market, it should be depended on the circumstance that what are the competitors doing, what are their recent imaginable actions. Energy Drink| Positioning| Red bull| 1. Red bull is doing economic sponsor for many competition for the stake of make brand more popularity2. The ingredient in red bull has been improved, in order to more suit for human body, more healthy3. They also changed the packaging to be more fashion, and let some sports star to be spokesperson. | AMP Energy drink| 1. AMP is positioning to more flavors of energy drink. Let people has more selection 2. Science 2008, AMP has sponsored NASCAR driver to spread the brand. Let more younger people drink it| Mother Energy drink| 1. Mother is the local brand in Australia, it can has more marketplace. 2. Recently, mother launched a new Energy drink variant to the market, featuring â€Å"Fuel Cap Bottle†. This drink is similar to the new mother taste and boasts mothers â€Å"8 energy ingredients† as the main push. | Buyer behavior Buying roles There are 5 roles in buying behavior, which are initiator, influencer, decider, buyer and user. * Initiator is the first person who points out the needs and wants. * Influencer is the person who influences the purchase decision. * Decider is who made final decision. * Buyer is the person who actual paid. * User is the person who used the product and the beneficiary. In this case customers who want Mother, could be these 5 roles. The buyer decision process There are 5 steps in buying process: * needs recognition * information searching * alternative evaluation * purchase decision * after purchase When people first time realize they need energy drink to provide energy, they will go to supermarket and looking for marketing information, see what market can offer them. After that, customers will compare the brands and flavor or even other criteria. In this case, people will find that Mother has lot different flavor, such as Mother Surge, Mother Lemon Bite. After they drinking, if the product performance over customer expectation, customer will be satisfied. However, if the product performance less than customer expectation, customer will be unsatisfied. People can buy Mother anywhere from the shop, supermarket or bodega Market Segmentation Market segmentation is portions of the overall market that are different from one another and it consists of consumers with similar characteristics and needs. A successful organization will understand that they cannot sell everything to everybody therefore marketing segmentation implies on the understanding of consumers and satisfy their needs better than the competition. The segmentation profile of Mother energy drink will be based on Australia such as geographical segmentation, demographic segmentation, psychographic segmentation as well as behavioral segmentation. Geographical| Australia is the sixth biggest territorial area in the world. It has a dispersed population where people from different places came to live in together as a nation. Its population is 23,155,161(August 2013). Moreover, the climate of Australia is tropical, being hot and humid all year, especially the middle of Australia. Thus, having the energy drink around, it cools their throat as well as providing the people with energy that is needed for some parts of the state, which requires them to work late| Demographical | The specific age group that would be interested in the drink Mother would be those from the age of 18 years old to the age of 25 years old. Due to the range of age factor, most of the target youth’s occupation is more likely to be students and working adults as well. There are still some students who take up part time jobs in order to earn more money while studying. They have got disposable income, which is used to spend on Mother, a convenience product. Mother may focuses on young men who are always in need of an energy booster in order to do bigger things. These young men would require an energy drink to stay up late at night, due to gaming, or for exercising purposes. | Psychographic| At the psychological traits, these consumers who purchases Mother, are those who belongs to the lower social class groups. These young adults ranging from the age of 18 years to 25 years old. They are young, enthusiastic, impulsive consumers, who seek to savor the new and offbeat product. They have less responsible so they can spend much of their income on trendy consumer goods and entertain themselves. Furthermore, they are active in both physical and social activities. For instance, consumers who do activities such as going to the gym, or doing sports regularly. Mother is also a form of sports drink for the sports people. As Mother portrays itself as an energy drink that could generate bigger ideas and doing bigger things as shown in the Motherland Advertisement marketed by Coca Cola, this results in consumers wanting to correlate themselves with the drink as they want to be portrayed as a capable person or a person with an energetic personality. Mother energy drink looks spanking new to young men as an all-natural drink with attitude since the branding on the cans is gothic and reminiscent of a tattoo. | Behavioural| The target market is using Mother Energy Drink as rejuvenated drink. Therefore, Mother can be aimed to offer the promotional package, which sells two 500ml cans of Mother for Woolworths and Coles. The usage rate will be leading to moderate to high user depends on their consumptions. This is because sportsmen who are constantly working out, they would be consuming more of these energy drinks to give them the energy they need while exercising. On the other hand, students who are constantly up late at night, studying, or doing leisure activities that requires them to stay up, would also consume the energy drinks in order to feel perked even in the early hours. Mother will be consumed mostly in the day and night compared to the afternoons. This is because these are the two crucial times in which these energy drinkers would need the energy to do their activities at home, a friend’s place or at the club or bar| Internal Analysis SWOT analysis is an analysis of company’s strength and weakness, also measures the opportunity within the market environment and investigates the threat that might affect their achievements. Strength 1. What does Mother do better than its competitors? And what is the advantages does Mother have over competitors?(http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=PSgusGf9OTk) Mother has opened market towards teens 2. It is clearly that this kind of videos uploaded on the internet for people who loves crazy staffs or who likes to enjoy their lives within limit life while they are young. 3. Hence, the advertisements told their audiences Mother can give your energy hit and the message sent to teens are whether you did any crazy things ‘Mother Made Me Do It’ which is interesting enough to become their advantages: grabbing Australia teens attention. Weakness 1. As long as they focus on the teens, other age group might be left out, such as housewife or ppl who already got a job, etc. 2. The limitation of targeted ppl is their weakness. other weakness such as unhealthy , as we looked up online the first news of Mother popped up as some teens got harm with drinking Mother or Mother contains more caffeine than other energy drink may cause death. Those kind of negative reports are super weakness for its sales. Opportunities 1. As we all know that Mother has developed 500ml bottle with new packaging appeared in the market. 2. This comparing with V and Red Bull’s 250ml bottle can be more cheap and enjoyable. I believe that this is capable enough to cater to public needs which then be seem as an opportunity. Treats 1. According to our previous interpret, Mother occupied 14% of the energy drinks market within Australia, which means as the market limitation mother faces more pressure and diluting of the current market. 2. Once new drinks come into the market, they will be the potential threats of diluting the drinks market. 7P’S * Product: from 2006 till now, Mother developed 7 different favours: Mother Surge, Mother Big Shot, Mother Lemon Bite, Mother Low Carb, Mother V8 Powered, Mother Frosty Berry, Mother Green Storm. All those developments can create values. * Promotion: Mother and Call-of-Duty recently joint together operating a new packing energy drink for the promotion of them both. * Place: we can see Mother energy drink in everywhere, vending machine, supermarket, local milk bar, etc. * Price: 500ml for one can is $3. 5 in the market. Comparing with 250ml V and red bull, this price is better. * Physical environment: for the product Mother, the tangible aspects are the big manufacturing companies V and Red bull. They hold most of the market shares. * Process: Mother has its Facebook, putting all activities on it for its fans to follow. * People: they have many strategic marketing methods like giving free samples in the stations, leaflets for its activities, and sponsor for music concerts.

Marcionism & God Essay

Marcionism is a dual belief system that originated from Marcion of Sinope in Rome teachings in the year 144. It affirmed that Jesus was a savior who was sent by God and Paul was his principal apostle but Marcion himself rejected Yahweh and the Hebrew Bible. It was referred to as heresy by those who opposed it and wrote a five book treatise against it. Marcionism teachings affirmed that Christianity was different from and opposition Judaism. It opposed the whole of the Hebrew Bible, and declared Hebrews Bible God was a minor demiurge, who created the earth and was the source of evil. The principles of Marcionism are that many teachings of Jesus Christ are incompatible with those of the god of the Jewish Religion. Referring to Pauline traditions in the Gospel, Marcionism believed that the Gospel, opposed to teachings from the old testament that were believed to be misleading from the truth. Paul’s arguments in respect to the gospel and law, grace and wrath, faith and works, spirit and flesh, righteousness and sin, life and death were the base of religious truth. Marcionites holds maltheistic perception of the God of Hebrew Bible as (Yaltabaoth) inconsistent, wrathful, jealous and genocidal, and created a defective world, a site of suffering and term such a God as a malicious demiurge whom they refer to as Yaltabaoth. Montanus was the founder of Montanism, an early Christian sector founded in the mid 2nd century AD in Phrygia region and its followers are referred to as Cataphrygians. Tertullian was the most widely known Montanist. Montanus claimed to have received a number of revelations from the Holy Ghost beside and strolled in the settlement in Asia where he preached what he claimed to be the Words of God but those who opposed him especially the Orthodox claimed his teaching as but those who opposed him especially the Orthodox claimed his teaching as hearsay. He traveled along with two women who claimed to have received some revelations too, and they urged their follower to pray and fast so that they could receive revelations too. The teachings of Montanism spread from Phrygia, to Africa, Gaul and the rest of the world. Christians also agree with the some teachings of Marcionism like the opposition of murder and genocide that were employed in the Old Testament. Marcionism imposed a high degree of morality to its followers and those who were immoral were some times persecuted. The early encouraged the positive teachings of Montanism and Marcionism; however there existed clear differences in the teachings between different sects Donatism was an unorthodox sect of the early Christianity that was founded by Donatus Magnus and believed that holiness was a mandatory for church members and essential in administration of sacraments. Donatists lived originally in Roman Africa and attained their biggest number in the 4th to 5th centuries. One of the central issues in the Donatists controversy is that at some levels, the church is normally called into the communion with God and that is not breakable from human being point of view given by the grace of God in Christ therefore, leaving the church is like leaving grace and questioning Gods power and adding a semi Pelagian realization of the salvation. The Council of Arles in the A. D. 314 criticized the Donatists although the Donatists flourished. The Donatists and Orthodox Catholics in Africa were against each other as a result in 393 A. D, St. Augustine codified the Catholic teachings concerning baptism founded on controversy between Orthodox Catholics and Donatists. His diplomatic efforts and teachings didn’t terminate the fighting and bickering, the government powers were called upon and in 411 A. D. an imperial commission banned Donatism by making its practices illegal (Robert E. Van Voorst (Readings in Christianity, US, Wadsworth/Thomson publishers, 2000) p 136-136. Constantine’s conversion to Christianity lead to the Edict of Milan and Christianity became legalized; he became a committed member of the church and set precedence for the post of the Christian Emperors in the Church that would be pursued for centuries. This was a turning point for Christianity because he supported the church with all available resources and that marked the beginning of Christendom Diocletian was one of the four documents of Constantine that brought to an end may decades of anarchy and crisis when Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus became the Roman emperor in 284, other documents include licinius, Maxentius and Maximianus Herculius. Arius beliefs that became part of Arianism included the fact that he believed that god was not the father all the time and gods words were not eternal but were merely made out of nothing, he also believed that god made all the creatures including himself hence he was also susceptible to change like other creatures he had created and there was the belief that the Son was created on other creatures accounts and does not understand his nature and could other creature not have been created, the son would not have been created too. the result of the Nicaea- Constantinople council was that the, after reading of several Arius documents, they were termed as blasphemous and the end result was that Arius were sent to exile along with some of his followers. ( Jane M. McCabe, The Single Story of Divine Prophecy to Abraham, (US, Xlibris,2001Corporation publishers, 2001) p182-211) REFERENCES Robert E. Van Voorst, Readings in Christianity, US, Wadsworth/Thomson publishers, 2000 Jane M. McCabe, The Single Story of Divine Prophecy to Abraham, US, Xlibris,2001Corporation publishers, 2001

Macroeconomic Analysis Essay

Introduction The idea Edgar has for opening up four new gas stations is based on a well based argument making it viable as a profitable business venture. The evaluation on the American consumer to accept the high price for gas oil prices forms the first approach towards establishing a business. Gasoil businesses in the world run as cartel where it supply and prices are determined by the few stakeholders in the industry. The stakeholders form an agreement among their competitors on the price, making and, marketing of the product (Fredy, 2010). The cartel though the production affects the GDP growth rate. Gross domestic product represents the monetary value of the goods produced in the country within a year. The enterprise runs as an oligopoly. An oligopoly represents a business type where there are few sellers in the market. The few sellers are due to the restriction imposed on entry to a monopoly. The production rights are restricted by the producer and the producer also controls the prices of the commodity (Brake, 2011). Unemployment will be apparent as the restriction holds down people with the relevant skills to join in the trade. Price control is done through price fixing and determining the market share. The market shares will go a long way to influencing international trade. International trade represents trade past the nation boundaries (Derik, 2010) . The main purpose of a cartel is profit increment to the individual by reducing competition. Edgar by starting up the gas oil business will gain profit margin from the monopoly. The government is also be involved in the control of the production rights of such a cartel. It is through fiscal policies that the government will regulate such ventures with an aim to protect the public from exploitation. Fiscal policies tools are the government imposition on tax and revenue collections (Tayor, 2007). The focus on the convenience good and assumption  it will make a profit in the society is the reason Edgar insists on the production. Convenience goods are those that are distributed widely and are inexpensive and the gas oil forms one of them (Fredy, 2010). Macroeconomic covers the demographic aspect, as these goods are made available to the population. Demography represents human residents statically (Henry, 2008). Startup capital is a needed by Edgar as he plans to buy the four gas oil station. The fund borrowed from a financial institution will be affected by the interest rate and the financial policies. The monetary policy is a tool used to control the supply of money in the society through affecting the interest rate in the society (Tayor, 2007).The estimates of sales to increase in china and India represents the trade cycles. Business cycles are periodic change in the production and affect the Gross Domestic Product of a country. They cause the GDP to fluctuate and thus an expansion and contraction of the level of economic activities in the country (Tayor, 2007). The business sets itself on time of favorable economic benefits as the bank rates are favoring a business positively. Edgar requires a large capital base to start a business and borrowing from a business organization is paramount. Interest is payable on the loan capital that is taking from such institutions. With a low lending rate, the business organizations enable economic growth as a society can borrow a large sum of money for the investment project. Investment improves the living standard of the society as they earn a profit from the investments. The advice to Edgar is to take up the positive strengthening economy and invest during the low lending rate (Sydney, 2010). Demand is as the amount of a commodity that consumers are willing and can purchase at any given price over a given time (Tayor, 2007). The law states that, at low prices, the need is high. The firm being an oligopoly has rigidity in its price of the gas oil. Rigidity represents stickiness in the prices that does not change regularly. Edgar will enjoy the high prices of the oligopoly market as the American consumer has accepted the prices. The high prices are as due to the kinked demand curve as oligopoly market has two demand curves. A highly elastic demand curve on the price increase and a highly inelastic in the price decrease (Tayor, 2007). DdMC PricedKINK P1EP X Ddy Q1D QuantityQMR The elastic part of the curve is the dd curve thus an increase in price will lead to a rise in demand for the gas oil. A similar case to the market, if China and India increase their market the prices will also increase. A profit in the oil industry enjoys in the point where MR marginal revenue curve cuts the MC marginal cost curve. At this point, marginal revenue is equates the marginal cost and the profit is at maximum (Tayor, 2007). The supply also affects the oil industry, and it is the amount a producer is willing and can sell at a given price in a given time (Derik, 2010). In the supply of the gas oil collusion remains evident to increase market share. Competitors are on the evaluation as they affect the price and profits in the other firm. If one firm drops price the other firm is forced to drop its prices to in order to increase profit. The firms in the oligopoly structures have adopted non-price completion eliminating the pricing war among them. It has enabled international trading as they enjoy the collusion and similar prices and the control from one area. The interest rates within the country will also affect the enterprise. With business policies controlling the levels of interest rate in the area, the business is at a position to borrow funds for expansion with low interest rates on the returns. The central’s bank adversely controls the monitory policy by regulating the lending rates. The government through the fiscal policies regulation protects the survival of the oligopoly. The oligopoly market maintains barrier to entry through the production of large scale adversely improving the Gross Domestic Product within the country as the quantity of well produced increases. Recommendations and Economic Justification The GDP is one of the major issues in macroeconomic through the collusion of  demand and supply in the country the GDP is maintained as the business operates in its equilibrium point (Brake, 2011). Unemployment forms a major challenge but with a low interest rate from the financial sector business can operate and start up in the country. The case example is Edgar if he opens the four stations employment will increase. Demographics is affecting by supply and demand as they affect the chances of improving the living standards of the population. The salaries from the oil industry will maintain the demand and supply of the oil. The interest rate in the country determines monetary policy. Edgar before starting a business should consider this during the start up to maintain profits as he aims to supply the gas oil. Reference Brake, R. (2011). World Monopolies. Summertime Publishers. Derik, K. (2010). International Trading. Kansas Publisher. Fredy, T. (2010). World Businesses. Milestone Publishers. Henry, J. (2008). World Demography. Wimtertime Publishers. Sydney, G. (2010). Money and Banking. Westminister Publishers. Tayor, W. (2007). Introduction to Economics. Riverside Publishers.